Pourquoi la Quasiturbine n'est pas un moteur de type Wankel ?

Les similitudes entre la Quasiturbine et le Wankel sont un peu comme celles entre les planètes Terre et Mars,
plus on y regarde de près, moins il y en a !

WANKEL           QUASITURBINE

In most crankshaft machines, the moving piston closes the gap with the piston head (TDC - Top Dead Center) at the most distant point from the engine center, while in the Wankel (also a crankshaft engine), the moving triangular piston surface closes the gap (TDC) at the housing area nearest of the engine center! This means that not only the triangular piston surface moves further inward during the stroke, but at the same time the housing wall moves outward as the relaxation progresses! An illogic working behavior, which is not however necessarily a drawback in itself if the difference in swept volume produces pure rotary forces and if the engine can extract it? This shows one of the Wankel paradoxal behavior, and invites everyone to be most careful in understanding engine concepts... Vaguely attributing combustion deficiency of the Wankel to its elongated combustion chamber shape (or its higher surface-to-volume ratio) is a guest or a fast way out, not well done science...

The Wankel engine is based on the principle of volume variation between a curve and a moving cord (a sliding single piston-object on the curve). The Quasiturbine does not use this principle, since the maximum volume as well as the compressed volume are both in a strait line contour area. The today Wankel engines well master the technology; the deficiency is due the poor energy efficiency of the principle, not with the technology itself. The Quasiturbine permits 4 improvements : it reduces the relative length of the rotor side (responsible for high HC unburnt), suppresses all dead times, suppresses the progressive torque evolution and suppresses the need of synchronization gears, which allow for an equal size engine to double the power with an optimum efficiency, and little HC unburnt !

Les inventeurs de la Quasiturbine ont de l'admiration pour le travail de Felix Wankel et ses successeurs.
Les commentaires qui suivent ne visent aucunement à discréditer son oeuvre,
mais seulement à établir la différence factuelle avec la technologie Quasiturbine.

En raison de sa géométrie au point mort haut, la chambre de combustion du Wankel
est étroite et s'étend sur une large plage angulaire (combustion défavorable en 2 dimensions),
alors que la Quasiturbine a l'avantage de pouvoir rassembler une importante proportion des gaz
dans une cavité demi-sphérique à l'extrémité de ses bourrures de pales (combustion favorable en 3 dimensions).
 

Note : The Quasiturbine has it own merit independently from the Wankel comparison.

WANKEL THEORITICAL DEFICIENCIES

1) The Wankel rotor movement involve both,
pure rotational (tangent) forces and radial inward forces on the crankshaft,
moving the rotor face inward of the engine as it rotates.
(while in the Quasiturbine, the rotor face average position stays at a constant engine radius).
1/3 of the Wankel chamber relaxation is pure rotational (tangential) work
which the crankshaft is not optimized to harvest
(This pure rotational force transmission to the crankshaft is made possible
by a lever action through the casing synchronization gear teeth's.),
while 2/3 of the relaxation is pure "piston like radial crankshaft work",
in contrast with the Quasiturbine which makes 100% of it work
from tangential chamber relaxation, which the tangential differential harvest correctly.
In the Wankel, the rotor mid face point does pivot while in the same time does move radially,
producing 1/3 of pure tangential swept and 2/3 of pure radial "crankshaft connecting rod like" swept.
In the Quasiturbine, the rotor blade mid face pivot rotates on a perfect cycle (no radial movement),
the rotor face pivoting action producing pure tangential swept and tangential working force !

2) One of the theoretical inconstancy result from the fact that combustion theory
requires 4 strokes, while the Wankel rotor only has 3 faces.
Stroke start with an horizontal rotor face and end 90 rotor degrees away when vertical.
To make it to next stroke, the triangular Wankel rotor needs an additional 30 degrees
(three times every rotor turn), which are unusable dead time !
This also imposes very difficult constrains on the flexibility of the port design.
Le chevauchement ouvert excessif des fenêtres d'admission et d'échappement du Wankel
favorise l'aspiration de mélange non brûlé vers l'échappement...
The Quasiturbine fixes this inconsistency by having a 4 faces rotor,
such as when a stroke ends, the next one is ready to go without any dead time.

3) Furthermore, the Wankel geometry divides the contour perimeter in 3 sections of long lengths,
making the combustion chamber quite extended,
while the Quasiturbine divide it in 4 sections of shorter lengths,
which allows for more favourable volumetric chamber geometry...


4) Positive and negative swept volumes are quite complex in the Wankel geometry.
The Wankel residual geometric Vmin is substantial
and 3/4 of this residual geometric Vmin is swept during the stroke.
This Vmin swept progressively reduces the chamber volume,
preventing full gas relaxation to occur and to deliver all its energy to the shaft
(An effect similar to a residual back pressure).
At intake, the chamber volume is reduced by the swept volume
but simultaneously increased by the 3/4 of the Vmin.
(This is an excess volume, like if a piston chamber volume
would not reduce as much as the volume swept by it piston surface,
an anomaly which makes the P-V Pressure -Volume diagram at least very tricky to apply !)
The opposite append during the relaxation with additional effect on the combustion kinetic.
The 'excess volume work' is however
either given to or taken back from the rotor (and shaft), conserving energy.
In the Quasiturbine, the Vmin is zero (or negligible),
a zero Vmin volume is swept without effect during the stroke
and the P-V Pressure -Volume diagram applies.

5) The Wankel design does now allow to shape the volume pulse characteristics
near top dead center (TDC) to compensate for the effect of the  long chamber geometry
 and to optimize the Otto combustion mode,
in contrast to the Quasiturbine, where design parameters
can be adjusted to shape this TDC volume variation for optimum needs.
The Quasiturbine model SC -without carriage -
has a volume pulse much like the piston for optimum Otto mode combustion,
while the Quasiturbine model AC (with carriages)
has an even more rapid volume variation than the Wankel
to fit the needs for photo-detonation mode...

6) Every time a Wankel rotor face goes through TDC,
the triangular rotor rotation actually stops (not to say reverse slightly...).
This means that the triangular rotor angular rotation
accelerates and decelerates to zero once every shaft rotation,
This extreme angular velocity modulation generating strong internal stresses.
There is no such extreme modulation in the Quasiturbine, which is much more homo-kinetic.

7) High shaft speed is an other deficiency.
The speed of an engine can be the output shaft speed
but it could also be the speed at which events occur inside the engine.
This is the chamber speed, which is the rate at which a chamber expands and contracts.
This is a good way to compare different engines between themselves.
The piston chamber speed is the same as the shaft RPM
(one shaft revolution from down to back down),
where the valves and transient flows are piston chamber limiting factors.
The Wankel chamber speed is 3/2 the shaft RPM
(3/2 shaft revolution from down to back down).
It is faster than the piston and produces less torque.
The Quasiturbine chamber speed is only half the shaft RPM
(half a shaft revolution from down to back down).
It is by far the lowest from the piston and the Wankel.
In order to obtain a piston chamber speed of 6000,
or a Wankel chamber speed of 9000 RPM,
the Quasiturbine shaft only needs to do 3000 RPM !
As all of the components are only doing 3000 rpm to
achieve the same thing as a piston motor doing 6000 RPM,
there is a lot less stress within the Quasiturbine engine.
This further leaves a great potential for achieving higher RPM,
which means higher specific power density.
Because there is no valve and only small transient flows,
the Quasiturbine chamber speed is not as limited as in the piston,
and could go to much higher RPM...
The Quasiturbine being a low RPM high torque engine,
the need for gearbox is much reduced in most applications...

8) Geometric limitations
a - Because the intake and the relaxation cycle both required only 90 degrees rotor rotations,
while the rotor needs 120 degrees rotation to reset for the next fire,
there is an excessive overlapping of the intake and exhaust which is a geometric limitation.
b - Because there is a crankshaft in the central area,
the combustion chamber can not be made deep as it would be required to optimized the combustion
(as it can be with the Quasiturbine empty center),
which favours a detrimental gas rolling between the two sliding surfaces...

9) Dirty sparkplug tip,
In the Wankel, when a contour seal is positioned on the sparkplug hole,
compression of intake mixture is just starting and relaxation behind is almost completed.
a condition which does not allow a violent gas flow on the sparkplug tip (getting dirty).
In the Quasiturbine, when the contour seal is on a similar central positioned sparkplug,
the intake mixture compression is already midway as well as the relaxation behind,
a condition which provides a better cleaning flow on the sparkplug tip.
Furthermore the Quasiturbine sparkplug can be angularly positioned to appear later in the combustion chamber
due to the thickness of the QT seal which can be made to almost completely covers the sparkplug slot-hole.

 

* * * * *

QUASITURBINE?

In the Quasiturbine, there is no crankshaft and no inward engien center stroke, since the blade distance to the engine centre stays constant during rotation. All the Quasiturbine swept volume is pure rotational (tangential) force adding-up to produce torque and energy...

Ultimately, the Quasiturbine is not in competition with the Wankel, but with the piston!

Wankel analogy - A piston with the cylinder head moving down!
Let looks intuitively at the fundamental Wankel deficiency of excess swept volume (positive at intake, negative at relaxation), by making an analogy to the piston. Consider just one of the Walkel rotor surface, horizontal when at TDC (top dead center) and vertical when at BTC (bottom dead center). By analogy to a piston, the distance (radius) from the engine center to this rotor surface when horizontally (TDC) and then when vertically (BTC) corresponds to the crankshaft drop (stroke) of the "piston surface equivalent", in relation to the engine center.
In a piston engine, the "cylinder head" is fix and does not move during the piston stroke, so that the residual minimum chamber volume at TDC (this exclude the chamber cut inside the rotor surface) is part of the relaxation volume during the complete stroke, and do not vary. Now, observe the residual minimum volume in the Wankel at TDC (which can not be reduced due to the Wankel concept geometry), and notice its variation during the strokes as the apex seal move into this minimum volume area. Contrary to piston, the minimum TDC residual volume is not all present in the chamber during the stroke, which spoil the applicability of the Pressure-Volume diagram and its efficiency criteria.
By analogy to piston, it acts as if the piston head would move down (taking energy) during relaxation, preventing the complete relaxation sweep volume to occur, with a corresponding reduction of efficiency... The opposite volume variation occurs at intake, according to a moving up cylinder head analogy during compression, which prevent full expected sweep volume compression to occur. To illustrate how the Wankel excess volume (positive at intake, negative at relaxation) can affect the combustion relaxation efficiency, lets remember that the pressure pulse is in geometric relation to the volume pulse (faster if considering temperature effect). The first 50% chamber volume variation doubles the atmospheric absolute pressure to 30 psia, while the next 25% volume variation brings it to 60 psia; the next 12.5% to 120 psia; the next 6% to 240 psia ( = 15 bar). This means that a 6% excess volume could result in a 100 psi pressure difference near TDC !
Because the Wankel residual chamber volume at TDC (this exclude the chamber cut inside the rotor surface) can not be reduced due to the Wankel concept geometry, its efficiency deficiency can not be fixed. On the contrary, if you look at the Quasiturbine residual chamber volume at TDC, you will notice it can be reduced to zero, which allows the Quasiturbine to meet the Pressure-Volume diagram efficiency criteria, just as well as the piston can, and this is a prerequisite for any better engine concept...
 

The Wankel engine uses a rigid three face rotor with a crankshaft.
The Quasiturbine uses a deformable four face rotor without a crankshaft.
The Wankel engine shaft turns at three times its rotor RPM.
The Quasiturbine rotor and main shaft turns at the same speed.
The Wankel engine fires only once per shaft (not rotor) revolution (which means three times per rotor revolution).
The Quasiturbine fires four times per main shaft revolution, producing an exceptional torque continuity.

The Wankel compression and combustion stroke each last 120 degree of rotor (not shaft) rotation, of which only 90 degrees is effective (no chamber volume variation in the first 30 degrees of compression and in the last 30 degrees of combustion). Exhaust and intake strokes share together 120 degree of rotation in an excessive overlapping (they are partial strokes!).
All Quasiturbine strokes are of equal 90 degrees rotor rotation (not necessarily duration), with useful volume variation (like piston) at all angles and without undesired overlapping.

The Wankel fires 3 times per rotor (not shaft) revolution for a total of 12 strokes, but because its power strokes are not jointed and overlapped (three 30 degrees dead times), they are penalized 90 / 360 and count for an effective total of 9 strokes per rotor revolution (even less when considering the effect of excessive exhaust-intake overlap).
The Quasiturbine fires 4 times with a 4 faces rotor, for a total of 16 jointed and completed strokes per rotor revolution.

In the Wankel, 2/3 of the work is produced by piston like radial crankshaft force, while 1/3 of the work is done by pure rotational (tangential) force, which the crankshaft is not optimized to harvest (and for which a synchronization casing gear is needed).
In the Quasiturbine, 100% of the work comes from tangential forces and movement, which the tangential differential harvests correctly.

The Wankel residual geometric Vmin of the Wankel is substantial
and 3/4 of this residual geometric Vmin is swept during the stroke.
In the Quasiturbine, the Vmin is zero,
a zero Vmin volume is swept without effect during the stroke.
When the Wankel engine rotor goes from one T.D.C. to the next,
the torque increases to a maximum value and starts decreasing right away (progressive).
The torque generated by the Quasiturbine gets rapidly to a plateau, and holds this maximum for a long arc before decreasing, producing a better overall mechanical energy conversion rate.
The Wankel engine has a dead time. A complete rotor (not shaft) revolution is composed of three expansion strokes of 90 degrees, each separated by a 30 degree engine dead time.
The Quasiturbine strokes are consecutive, with no dead time.
After some wear of the synchronization gears, the Wankel contour seals do two things: sealing the chambers, and providing some rotor orientation forces. For this reason the seals must have a more absolute positioning which limit the engine lifetime.
The Quasiturbine rotor orientation forces come from the four carriages (AC with carriages) or from the cylindrical pads (SC without carriage), but never from the contour seals themselves. In the Quasiturbine, the seals' roles are only dedicated to sealing the chambers, and they are differential in positioning, which increases the engine lifetime.
The center of mass of the Wankel triangular piston is moving in circle with the crank, and this whole triangular mass bangs the seals against the housing, requiring the protection of a housing synchronization gear.
The Quasiturbine has no crankshaft, and its rotor center of mass is immobile at center during rotation. Never the Quasiturbine seals need to oppose and constraint the whole rotor mass, the only force required being the one to transform a square into lozenge and back to square. This is orders of magnitude less stress on seals than the Wankel rotary piston without its synchronization gear...
The Wankel engine can not be continuous combustion. While a full expansion stroke occurs (rotor revolution of 90 degrees), intake mixture compression is only partially initiated and not yet ready to be lighted (an additional 30 degrees rotor rotation is required as a dead time).
Quasiturbine mixture is completely compressed and ready to fire at the end of each expansion stroke.
Due to its one single firing per shaft revolution, and the dead time, the Wankel engine needs a flywheel.
The Quasiturbine needs no flywheel, and consequently has faster acceleration.
The Wankel's triangular rotor is an internal engine part.
The Quasiturbine four "pivoting blades" have only one side internal since the shaft sides are in contact with the external environment, and the area is available for external blades cooling.
The Wankel engine rotor movement must be synchronized by a gear set to follow the stator profile.
The Quasiturbine does not require any such a synchronization, and consequently is much easier to build (Allowing even for strong plastic (ABS) units for low temperature applications!).
The triangular rotary piston of the Wankel contains the crankshaft and it is not possible to deeply dig a compact chamber, making the combustion chamber at top dead center of the Wankel long and thin, and the relative contour wall and piston movements dragging the mixture into an unwanted rolling movement in a referential moving with the chamber, turning down (squelching) the combustion at the chamber extremes.
The Quasiturbine chamber is located in a tangential median cut in the rotary blade filler tip such that at top dead center, it is squeezed between the 2 carriage rollers and the Saint-Hilaire profile on which the sparkplug is located, all such to contain over 80% of the gaseous mixture in a rounded corners cube like shape.
The Wankel needs 2 sparkplugs because of the gas rolling effect and the thin flat combustion chamber shape.
The Quasiturbine deep semi-circular or semi-spherical combustion chamber suppresses the combustion gas rolling effect, and consequently, no squelching occurs behind the chamber, and one sparkplug is sufficient.
The Wankel engine must make use of 3 seals at the triangle peaks (Apex), which meets the engine wall with a variable angle on both sides of the perpendicular (-60 degrees to +60 degrees).
Since the Quasiturbine seals are seated on rocking carriers, they are perfectly perpendicular to the engine wall at all time, preventing the critical leakproof problem.
The Wankel engine radial seals are at equidistant and at fix distances.
The Quasiturbine seals are at variable angular and linear distances, giving relative geometric enhancement to intake, compression, and gas expansion.
The Wankel engine is a "rotating piston engine" that is subject to a constant circular vibration.
The Quasiturbine has a fixed center of gravity during rotation, and is a true zero vibration engine (like the turbines), since any weight movement is exactly compensated by symmetric mirror movement through the center. (Be careful not to confuse with unidirectional counter-torque impulses).
The center of the Wankel engine is part of the oil pan, and contains the mandatory mainshaft.
In the Quasiturbine, the central main shaft is optional. The center of the Quasiturbine can be empty, and available for electrical components, fan blades, or other devices.
The Wankel engine has limited port access on lateral covers, due to the presence of the oil pan.
The Quasiturbine is much more accessible, which allows sealed ports for high pressure compressor, and efficient continuous combustion transfer between chambers.
In the Wankel engine, the oil pan is also mandatory for shaft, bearings, gears lubrication and thermilization.
In the Quasiturbine, oil is not a thermal cooling agent, and consequently oil is only required at seal friction interface. The use of ceramic or high-tech seals can make the Quasiturbine an oil free engine (Thermalization being done by the contact of the carrier wheels).
The Wankel engine crankshaft is taking a considerable sideways pressure load.
Since there is no pressure load imposed on the absent crankshaft of the Quasiturbine, and since its compressed volume nears and breaks away linearly from its point of maximum compression, Quasiturbine operation in "photo detonation" mode is feasible.
Since the main Wankel engine shaft rotates at three times its rotor speed, it is more suitable for high RPM end uses.
The Quasiturbine main shaft (rotating at the same speed as its rotor) is more appropriate for lower revolution end uses (e.g. airplane propeller at only 2000 RPM, generator, transportation, or to reduce gearbox ratio in current applications).
Since the main Wankel engine shaft rotates at three times its rotor speed, it is not suitable for low RPM compressors or pumps.
Quasiturbine is suitable for both low RPM compressors and pumps. For the same engine dimensions and shaft RPM, the Quasiturbine presents a substantial 50% power density improvement (and more for power to weight ratio) in its operational range.
The Wankel has a fast raising pressure pulse compare to the piston engine, but shows a high pressure plateau near the top dead center, due to the slow rotor horizontal translation by the crankshaft at that point.
The Quasiturbine has a similar fast rising pressure pulse, but no high pressure plateau, which makes it thermally more efficient, and more suitable for photo-detonation, diesel and hydrogen mode.
Due to its geometry, the Wankel exhaust port is overlapped extensively, opening much before the expansion stroke is over, and closing much after the intake stroke has begun.
The Quasiturbine does not impose such a wide overlap detriment to efficiency.
The Wankel engine success for direct hydrogen combustion comes from its intake and combustion stratification, which results mainly from early intake and excessive volume during expansion (with an efficiency lost).
The Quasiturbine engine offers the same hydrogen advantage, without the loss of efficiency. Furthermore, the Quasiturbine's rotor offers one extra insulation chamber (4 instead of 3) to hydrogen intake.
The Wankel engine stator profile is an optimum, which can be generated by simple geometric envelope.
The Quasiturbine "SAINT-HILAIRE stator confinement profile" cannot be generated by geometric envelop technique, and eccentricity can still be accentuated for additional performance.

Textuellement, les éléments de différences primordiales pourraient être regroupés ainsi:

1) Le Wankel est un rotor rigide à 3 faces montées sur un vilebrequin,
la Quasiturbine a un rotor articulé à 4 faces sans vilebrequin.
Les joints de contours du Wankel font des angles variables
de plus et moins 60 degrés avec le périmètre en cours de rotation.
Les joints de la Quasiturbine sont toujours normaux au périmètre.

2) Les moteurs de Félix Wankel ne comprenaient pas d'engrenage
de synchronisation avec le stator, lequel engrenage fut introduit seulement à la fin des années 50,
soit plus de 30 ans après le début des travaux de M.Felix !
Avec l'usure cependant, l'énergie de repositionnement à chaque instant du rotor
du Wankel vient de plus en plus des pressions exercées
par les joints eux-mêmes sur le périmètre.
Alors dans les Wankels, non seulement les joints doivent assurer l'étanchéité,
mais ils doivent aussi orienter le rotor (ce qui est responsable du fait que le Wankel vieillit mal).
Dans la Quasiturbine, les joints n'ont pas d'autres fonction que d'assurer l'étanchéité.

3) Le Wankel divise le périmètre de confinement en 3 parties
relativement longue, et la pression sur cette grande surface
engendre une force considérable sur le vilebrequin qui fatigue.
La Quasiturbine divise le périmètre en quatre partie,
créant une chambre favorable moins allongée,
et des pressions vers le centre qui sont moindres.

4) Comme les temps moteurs vont de l'horizontale à la verticale,
le Wankel a besoin d'une rotation additionnelle de 30 degrés
(pour faire 120 degrés) et se repositionner au point haut,
et ce temps mort de 30 degrés se produit 3 fois par tour du rotor.
La Quasiturbine n'a pas de temps mort, puisqu'elle effectue
les quatres temps moteurs avec ses quatre faces du rotor,
et lorsque une détente est complétée, l'autre commence immédiatement.

La Quasiturbine a aussi d'autres caractéristiques uniques,
dont un gestion nouvelle des temps moteurs
qui consacre moins de temps à la compression et à l'échappement,
et plus de temps et de volume à l'admission et à la détente...

En conclusion, les déboires du Wankel ne viennent pas
de ses défauts mécaniques qui sont en soient surmontables,
mais d'une raison théorique beaucoup plus fondamentale.
Évidemment, personne ne veut se relancer dans une aventure
qui présenterait les même déboires que celle du Wankel.
Heureusement les simulations théoriques sur ordinateur
permettent de nos jours une analyse que le Wankel n'avait jamais eu.
La Quasiturbine n'est donc pas un Wankel...

Quasiturbine calculated comparison with the Mazda RX7 Wankel engine
See detail calculations at http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca/FQTCharact.html

The RX7 has a 2 units Wankel engine, with a:
max. diam. = 9.45"
min. diam.= 7.28", and a
tickness = 3.15" each
Total intake volume of 1,308 liter per shaft rotation
(corresponding to 90 +30 degrees of rotor rotation)
About 135 HP at 6000 shaft RPM.

Ignoring extra efficiency of the Quasiturbine, a stack of two Quasiturbines units having similar dimensions would give a total intake volume of 1.81 litters / revolution, and would develop a calculated 100 H.P. at 3000 RPM (6000 RPM is likely to be out of the Quasiturbine operational range). Value not actually measured yet. Lets recall that the main Wankel engine shaft rotates at 3 times its rotor speed, while the shaft of the Quasiturbine rotates at the same speed as its rotor (and will probably never reach the maximum rotational speed of the Wankel shaft ?).

For the same dimensions and shaft RPM, the Quasiturbine presents a substantial 30% power density improvement (and more in term of power to weight ratio). But still more important, is the fact that much higher pressure ratio (up to diesel) can be obtained while keeping all engine parameters unchanged (Compression ratio difficult to reach without sacrificing intake volume). Furthermore, unlike the Quasiturbine which is a true zero vibration engine, the Wankel must preferably be assembled by pair with the rotors 180 degrees out of phase in order to partially cancel out the important vibration generated by each unit.

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Quasiturbine Agence Inc., Agence promotionnelle pour Quasiturbine Rotative Motorisée par Combustion Continue ou Compresseur
Casier 2804, 3535 Ave Papineau, Montréal Québec H2K 4J9 CANADA (514) 527-8484 Fax (514) 527-9530
http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca             quasiturbine@promci.qc.ca